1.函数的定义
练习:判断输入的是不是一个数字
#!/usr/bin/env pythondef isNum(): sth = raw_input("Please input something: ") try: if type(int(sth)) == type(1): print "%s is a number" % sth except Exception: print "%s is not a number" % sthisNum()
2.函数的参数
练习:判断输入的是不是一个数字
#!/usr/bin/env pythonimport sysdef isNum(s): for i in s: if i in "1234567890": pass else: print "%s is not a number" % s break else: print "%s is a number" % sisNum(sys.argv[1])
3.函数的默认参数
listdir()函数
练习:判断输入的是不是一个数字
#!/usr/bin/env pythonimport osdef isNum(s): for i in s: if i in "1234567890": pass else: break else: print sfor i in (os.listdir("/proc")): isNum(i)
注:默认参数必须写在后面
In [3]: def fun(x=1,y):...: print x+yFile "", line 1def fun(x=1,y):SyntaxError: non-default argument follows default argumentIn [4]: def fun(x,y=1):...: print x+y...:In [5]: fun(2)
4.1函数变量
练习:函数内部(局部)不能进行全局变量赋值等操作;如果申明成全局变量,才可以
#!/usr/bin/env pythonx = 1def fun(): global x x+=1 print xfun()print x
结果:
2
2
练习2:把函数内部变量,申明成全局变量,外部也可以通过函数调用
#!/usr/bin/env pythonx = 1def fun(): global x x += 1 global y y = 3 print x print yfun()print xprint y
结果:
2
3
2
3
练习3:locas() :统计变量,返回字典
#!/usr/bin/env pythonx = 1def fun(): x = 1 y = 1 print locals()fun()print locals()
结果:
{'y': 1, 'x': 1}{'__builtins__':, '__file__': '18.py', '__package__': None, 'x': 1, 'fun': , '__name__': '__main__', '__doc__': None}
5.函数返回值
练习1:默认返回none
#!/usr/bin/env pythondef fun(): print "hello,world"print fun()
结果:
hello,world
None
练习2:自定义return返回值,return之后的语句将不再执行
#!/usr/bin/env pythondef fun(): print "hello,world" return "heihei" print "haha"print fun()
结果:
hello,world
heihei
练习3:判断输入是否为数字
函数里很少使用print,使用return,更加简化
#!/usr/bin/env pythonimport osdef isNum(s): for i in s: if i not in "1234567890": return False return Truefor i in (os.listdir("/proc")): if isNum(i): print i
练习4:isdigit()判断输入是否为数字
isdigit():判断字符串是否为纯数字(脚本更更简化)
#!/usr/bin/env pythonimport osdef isNum(s): if s.isdigit(): return True return Falsefor i in (os.listdir("/proc")): if isNum(i): print i
6.多类型传值(元组或字典)和冗余参数
一个元组只表示一个参数;元组加一个*,则可以把元组中的元素作为参数,传到脚本中;带参数的元组只能放在后面,否则有语法错误
练习1:
In [2]: def fun(x,y,z):...: print x + y +z...:In [3]: a = [1,2]In [4]: fun(3,*a)6
报错:
In [5]: fun(*a,3)
File "<ipython-input-5-8a9ea4381ff5>", line 1
fun(*a,3)
SyntaxError: only named arguments may follow *expression
练习2:
字典传参(形参名和实参名一致,位置无所谓)
In [8]: def fun(x,y,z):...: print x + y +z...:In [9]: a = {"x":1,"y":2,"z":3}In [10]: fun(**a)6
或者:
In [11]: fun(x=1,y=2,z=3)
6
练习3:
In [1]: def fun(x,*argv,**kwargv):...: print x...: print argv...: print kwargv...:In [2]: fun(1)1(){}
练习4:
以等号或字典形式
In [6]: def fun(x,*argv,**kwargv):...: print x...: print argv...: print kwargv...:In [7]: t = [1,2]In [8]: fun(1,2,"a",*t,y=1,**{"b":1,"c":2})1(2, 'a', 1, 2){'y': 1, 'c': 2, 'b': 1}
7.函数的递归调用(函数调用本身)
条件:
1)必须有最后的默认结果,即if n == 0
2)递归参数必须向默认结果收敛,即factorial(n-1)
练习:阶乘,n乘以f(n-1)
#!/usr/bin/env pythondef factorial(n): if n == 0: return 1 else: return n * factorial(n-1)print factorial(5)
结果:
120
练习2:累加,n加f(n-1)
#!/usr/bin/env pythondef factorial(n): if n == 0: return 0 else: return n + factorial(n-1)print factorial(5)
结果:
15